The Franklin Expedition

Lore & Background

The expedition was organized by the British Admiralty under Sir John Barrow, who sought to find a Northwest Passage. After several declined commands, the 59-year-old Franklin was chosen. The ships were reinforced with steam engines, iron plating, and advanced heating, and carried three years' provisions, including tinned food from a contractor who worked hastily. The survivors, led by Francis Crozier and James Fitzjames, set out for the Canadian mainland and disappeared. Over decades, artifacts and remains were found. Scientific studies suggested the men died from hypothermia, starvation, lead poisoning or zinc deficiency, scurvy, and exposure.

Reader's Guide

The Franklin Expedition is significant as one of the most famous disasters in the history of Arctic exploration. Its failure, despite advanced technology and extensive preparation, highlighted the extreme dangers of polar navigation and the limits of 19th-century science and logistics. The expedition also succeeded in exploring part of the region that would later yield a passage. The discovery of the wrecks in the 2010s renewed public and scientific interest, allowing modern researchers to study the ships and remains, confirming evidence of lead poisoning and cannibalism. The story remains a cautionary tale about overconfidence, inadequate preparation, and the unforgiving nature of the Arctic environment.

Did You Know?

• The expedition's tinned food was supplied by Stephen Goldner, who was awarded the contract only seven weeks before departure; the haste led to thick, sloppy lead soldering inside the tins.
• The ships were fitted with steam engines converted from former locomotives of the London & Croydon Railway.

The Mission and the Man Chosen

The Franklin Expedition grew out of nearly four centuries of European ambition to find a sea route linking the Atlantic and Pacific through the high Arctic. Beginning with Portuguese and Spanish voyages in the 1400s and continuing through the work of Frobisher, Hudson, Baffin, and later figures like Parry, Back, and Simpson, each generation of explorers chipped away at the unknown.

Icebound and Abandoned

After that, the record goes silent. Erebus and Terror became trapped in the ice of Victoria Strait, near King William Island in what is now the Canadian territory of Nunavut, and remained immobilised for more than a year. The remaining men, now under the joint leadership of Francis Crozier and James Fitzjames, made the desperate decision to abandon both ships and march toward the Canadian mainland. They never arrived. The failure was absolute—no one came back, no one could be reached, and the only witnesses left were the two frozen hulls and the scattered remains of the men who had sailed west through Lancaster Sound the previous spring.

The Long Search and the Science of Death

In the modern era, forensic and archaeological investigations have painted a far more gradual and agonising picture of the crew's final months than a simple, swift ending. Studies point to a slow unraveling: hypothermia, starvation, scurvy, lead poisoning, and zinc deficiency compounded by inadequate clothing and a hostile environment.

Wrecks Found, History Preserved

Two years later, the Arctic Research Foundation discovered HMS Terror resting south of King William Island, in a body of water that now bears the name Terror Bay. The discoveries transformed the site from a matter of speculation into a tangible archaeological resource. Today the two wrecks are jointly protected as the Wrecks of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror National Historic Site, and dive and research expeditions return to the locations every year.